Bacterial diseases of tilapia, their zoonotic potential and risk of antimicrobial resistance

Tilapia culture is an important source of income and nutrition to many rural families. Since 2000, the production tilapia increased reached domestic global markets. Major farmed species Nile (Oreochromis niloticus), in earthen ponds cage cultures. Intensification contributed disease outbreaks, with bacterial infections causing mortalities morbidities, threatening sustainable production. At farms, high nutrient concentrations, water temperature fish densities enhance growth including virulent clones potential zoonotic bacteria. Global warming favours this. This review respectively provides a comprehensive overview most common emerging pathogens, diseases, clinical presentations diagnostics tilapia, bacteria diseases potential. First, streptococcosis, motile Aeromonas septicaemia, francisellosis, columnaris vibriosis are described. Then, information on concern for like edwardsiellosis through Edwardsiella ictaluri E. tarda, as well schubertii provided. Reports infectious outbreaks from other bacteria, Lactococcus garvieae, Aerococcus viridans, Pseudomonas spp., Mycobacterium marinum Chlamydia others reviewed. Furthermore, potential, Streptococcus agalactiae ST283, S. iniae, sp., Vibrio vulnificus pathovar (pv) piscis M. included review, provide current risks affecting post-harvest stages. Additionally, status antimicrobial resistance cultured imprudent use antibiotics, its future at level